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Australia's generous STC scheme, Singapore's SolarNova and Enhanced Central Intermediary Scheme, and Thailand's ERC rooftop tariffs all make solar highly competitive. Here's the full breakdown by country.
Australia
Small-scale Technology Certificates (STCs) โ Federal Upfront Discount: Upfront discount of AUD $3,000โ$5,000 on a typical 6.6 kW system via STC point-of-sale reduction
Indonesia
Permen ESDM 2/2024 โ PLTS Atap (Rooftop Solar Net Metering): Surplus solar electricity exported to the PLN grid is credited at 65% of the customer's retail tariff. Down from 100% under the previous Permen ESDM 26/2021. Credits roll forward up to 6 months.
Malaysia
Net Energy Metering 3.0 (NEM 3.0): 1:1 net metering at full retail tariff for residential systems โค 24 kW (single-phase) or โค 72 kW (three-phase). Available under three quotas: NEM Rakyat (residential), NOVA (industrial/commercial), NEM GoMEn (government).
New Zealand
Solar Buy-Back Rates (Retailer-Set): Each NZ electricity retailer sets its own buy-back rate for residential solar exports. 2026 best fixed rates 12โ17 NZ cents/kWh (Octopus, Ecotricity, Genesis); typical 8โ12 cents/kWh.
Philippines
Net Metering Programme (DOE / ERC): 1:1 net metering for residential systems โค 100 kW under the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513). Surplus exports credited at the distribution utility's blended generation rate (Wholesale Electricity Spot Market average, typically PHP 6โ8/kWh ~ USD $0.10โ$0.14/kWh).
Singapore
Enhanced Central Intermediary Scheme (ECIS) โ Net Metering: Sell surplus solar at prevailing wholesale electricity price (USEP); average SGD 0.04โ0.10/kWh
Thailand
VSPP Net Metering Program (MEA/PEA): Export surplus solar at THB 2.20/kWh (feed-in tariff) or offset at retail rate depending on scheme
Vietnam
Direct Power Purchase Agreement (DPPA) + Self-Consumption Framework: Vietnam transitioned away from FIT-based residential solar in 2020. Current framework: self-consumption rooftop solar with optional zero-FIT export under Decision 13/2020/QD-TTg (post-FIT cohort) + Decision 500/QD-TTg (PDP8) replacement framework still under development.
Incentive data last reviewed . Programs change โ always verify with the national energy authority before making purchasing decisions.
SolarNova is Singapore's government-led aggregation programme for solar installations on HDB rooftops and public-sector buildings, administered by EDB and HDB. For private homes and commercial rooftops, the Enhanced Central Intermediary Scheme (ECIS) lets solar system owners sell excess electricity to SP Group at the prevailing wholesale USEP rate, with no net-metering cap. There is no import duty on solar equipment and no GST on residential feed-in income.
Australia's Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) grants STCs based on system size and the zone's deeming period, which steps down each year to zero in 2031. In 2026, a 6.6 kW system in Zone 3 is worth roughly 70โ80 STCs โ at a market clearing price near AUD $36โ39 each, that's approximately AUD $2,500โ3,000 off the upfront cost. Feed-in tariffs are set by the state retailer (not the federal government) and currently range from 3โ12 c/kWh depending on state and retailer. Use a CEC-accredited installer to claim STCs.
Thailand's Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) runs a residential rooftop PV programme allowing systems up to 10 kWp to sell surplus energy to MEA (Bangkok) or PEA (elsewhere). The 2025โ2026 tariff is approximately THB 2.20/kWh under a 10-year PPA, with no upfront subsidy. Systems must be registered with the local utility and comply with ERC grid-code requirements.
PerMen ESDM 26/2021 introduced net metering for PLN customers at a 1:1 kWh ratio (later revised toward 65% export credit under newer drafts). Excess exports are credited monthly, with any remaining balance reset at year-end. System size is capped at 100% of installed household capacity. PLN approval is required before installation.
Malaysia's NEM 3.0 offers true net energy metering (1:1 kWh offset) for residential, commercial, and government customers, administered by SEDA. Quotas are released periodically โ NEM Rakyat is the residential quota. In the Philippines, the Department of Energy's net-metering programme under RA 9513 allows systems up to 100 kWp to offset consumption at the distribution utility's blended generation rate (roughly PHP 4โ6/kWh). Both require utility approval before commissioning.